The gradient, an indicator of V/Q status, is the difference between the arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO2) and end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure (etCO2) values. It is a result of the relationship between ventilation (V), or airflow to the alveoli, and perfusion (Q), or blood flow to the...
Traditional technologies such as colorimetric CO2 detectors, and mainstream and sidestream sampling lines have certain limitations that can contribute to inaccurate readings and can cause their use to be restricted with certain patient populations. US-PM-2200485...
Capnography monitors CO2 removal during breathing and provides a breath-by breath assessment of the patient’s ventilatory status. Although the numeric etCO2 value is important, the waveform is equally important. US-PM-2200483...
Pulse oximetry monitors oxygenation while capnography monitors ventilation, and both monitoring systems provide important but different physiologic measurements. US-PM-2200482...
This capnogram is rarely seen, and it occurs in mechanically ventilated patients who make an effort to breath. Learn more about curare cleft in this video. US-PM-2200573...
With asthma, emphysema, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), respiratory rate may vary but is generally greater than 20 breaths per minute and often accompanied by a reduced tidal volume and wheezes or rhonchi may be present. Learn more about how these factors can impact capnography waveforms in...
In cases of lower airway obstruction resulting from bronchospasm, respiratory rate may vary, but it is generally greater than 20 breaths per minute and is often accompanied by a reduced tidal volume. Possible causes of lower airway obstruction can include asthma, allergy, COPD, emphysema, bronchitis, or...